| 1. | (a) | New Ltd. plans to completely manufacture a single product Z, whose selling price and variable manufacturing costs will be Rs. 100 per unit and Rs. 80 per unit respectively. If the complete production is done at its own factory, fixed machining costs will be Rs. 3,62,000 and fixed administration and selling overheads will be Rs. 30,000 for the production period. Alternatively, the product can be finished outside by sub contracting the machining operations at Rs. 10 per unit, but this will entail an increase in, the fixed administration overheads by Rs. 1,20,000, while fully avoiding the machining cost of Rs. 3,62,000. Based on the above figures and assuming a production capacity of 30,000 units for the production period, advise with relevant supporting figures, from a financial perspective, for what volumes of market demand will : | (i) | a manufacture be recommended at all? | | (ii) | a fully in–house production be recommended? | | (iii) | the sub contracting option be recommended? |
| 5 | (0) |
| | (b) | Pigments Ltd. is a chemical factory producing joint products J, K and L at a joint cost of production of Rs. 9,60,000. The sales are: | J | 60,000 units at Rs. 5 per unit, | | K | 20,000 units at Rs. 20 per unit and | | L | 40,000 units at Rs. 10 per unit. |
The company seeks your advice regarding the following options available: | Option–I After the joint process, all of L can be further processed to make 36,000 units of M, at an additional processing cost of Rs. 1,80,000 and M can be sold at Rs. 18 per unit. | Option–II The facilities used to convert L to M may be used to make 7000 units of an additional product A, with a different raw material input. A can be made at an additional variable manufacturing cost of Rs. 12 per unit and will fetch Rs. 30 as the selling price, but the company will have to offer one unit of J as a free gift for each unit of A sold.
Evaluate the proposals using the incremental cost approach. |
| 5 | (0) |
| | (c) | State any 5 limitations of the assumptions of PERT and CPM. | 5 | (0) |
| | (d) | Classify the following items under appropriate categories of quality costs viz. Prevention Costs, Appraisal Costs, Internal Failure Costs and External Failure Costs: | (v) | Repair to manufacturing equipment |
| (vi) | Discount on defective sale |
| (vii) | Raw material inspection |
| (viii) | Finished product inspection |
| (ix) | Establishment of quality circles |
| 5 | (0) |
| 2. | (a) | The budget and actual operating data for 2010–11 pertaining to 4 products in a store are given below: | | Budgeted data for 2010–11 | Actual operating results in 2010–11 | | Product | Gallons | Selling
Price
(Rs. per gallon) | Variable
Costs
(Rs. per gallon) | Gallons | Selling
Price
(Rs. per gallon) | Variable
Costs
(Rs. per gallon) | | V | 2,50,000 | 1.2 | 0.5 | 1,80,000 | 1.00 | 0.45 | | C | 3,00,000 | 1.5 | 0.6 | 2,70,000 | 1.35 | 0.50 | | S | 2,00,000 | 1.8 | 0.7 | 3,30,000 | 2.00 | 0.75 | | A | 50,000 | 2.5 | 1.00 | 1,80,000 | 3.00 | 1.20 |
You are required to compute for the individual products and in total: | (i) | the sales margin price variance | | (ii) | the sales margin mix variance and | | (iii) | the sales margin volume variance |
Indicate whether the variances are favourable (F) or unfavourable (A or U). | 10 | (0) |
| | (b) | A city corporation has decided to carry out road repairs on 4 main roads in the city. The Government has agreed to make a special grant of Rs. 50 lacs towards the cost with the condition that the repairs should be carried out at lowest cost Five contractors have sent in their bids. Only one road will be awarded to one contractor. The bids are given below: | | | Cost of Repairs (Rs. in lacs). | C
o
n
t
r
a
c
t
o
r
s | Road | R1 | R2 | R3 | R4 | | C1 | 9 | 14 | 19 | 15 | | C2 | 7 | 17 | 20 | 19 | | C3 | 9 | 18 | 21 | 18 | | C4 | 10 | 12 | 18 | 19 | | C5 | 10 | 15 | 21 | 16 |
You are informed that C2 should get R1 and C4 should get R2 to minimize costs. | (i) | What is the minimum cost allocation? | | (ii) | How much is the minimum discount that the eliminated contractor should offer for meriting a contract? | | (iii) | Independent of ii) above, if the corporation can negotiate to get a uniform discount rate from each contractor, what is the minimum rate of discount so that the cost is within the grant amount? |
| 6 | (0) |
| 3. | (a) | PQ Ltd. makes two products P and Q, which are similar products with slight difference in dimensions, but use the same manufacturing processes and facilities. Production may be made interchangeably after altering machine setup. Production time is the same for both products. The cost structure is as follows: | (Figures Rs. per unit) | P | Q | Selling Price
Variable manufacturing cost
(directly linked to units produced)
Contribution
Fixed manufacturing cost
Profit | 100
45
55
10
45 | 120
50
70
10
60 |
Fixed cost per unit has been calculated based on the total practical capacity of 20,000 units per annum (which is either P or Q or both put together). Market demand is expected to be the deciding factor regarding the product mix for the next 2 years. The company does not stock inventory of finished goods. The company wishes to know whether ABC system is to be set up at a cost of Rs. 10,000 per month for the purpose of tracking and recording the fixed overhead costs for allocation to products.
Support your advice with appropriate reasons.
Independent of the above, if you are told to assume that fixed costs stated above, consist of a non–cash component of depreciation to plant at Rs. 90,000 for the year, will your advice change? Explain. | 6+2 | (0) |
| | (b) | In a company, Division A makes product A and Division B makes product B. One unit of A needs one unit of B as input. State the unit transfer price to be adapted by the transferring Division A to B in each of the following independent situations: | (i) | There is a ready market for A. There are no constraints for production or demand for A and A does not incur any external selling cost. | | (ii) | Supply is more than demand for A. External market resorts to distress price for A and this is expected to last for a temporary period. The product cannot be stocked until better times. | | (iii) | Product A is highly specialized. Internal specifications are too many that B has to only buy from A. | | (iv) | A has excess capacity. It can transfer any quantity to B. Goal congruence is to be achieved. | | (v) | A has no spare capacity, has adequate demand in a competitive market. | | (vi) | A has no spare capacity and has adequate demand in a competitive market. But on units transferred to B, it incurs Rs. 10 per unit as additional transport cost and Rs. 10,000 as fixed expenses irrespective of the number of units transferred. |
(Candidates need not copy the above situations into their answer books). | 8 | (0) |
| 4. | (a) | Alfa Mills prepared the following budget for its production department for 2010–11 for 12,000 units of production. | | Rs. | | Raw Material @ Rs. 3 per unit | 36,000 | | Labour 2 hours/unit @ Rs. 2.5 per hour | 60,000 | | Production overheads: | | Power(variable) | 3000 | | Repairs(variable) | 1500 | | Indirect labour( 80% variable) | 2400 | | Factory Rent (Fixed) | 3600 | | Factory Insurance (Fixed) | 1800 | | Other Manufacturing Expenses (50% variable) | 600 | | Total Production Cost | 1,08,900 |
You are required to present the flexible budget classified under fixed and variable costs for | (i) | Production of 10,000 units. | | (ii) | Production of 15,000 units, for which raw material price increases by 10% for the entire quantity and labour rate increases by Rs. 0.5 per hour for the full direct labour hours. |
| 10 | (0) |
| | (b) | Happy Holidays Company contracts to take children on excursion trips. Relevant information for a proposed excursion trip is given below: | Rs. | Revenue per trip per child
Expenses that have to be incurred:
Train fare per child per trip
Meals per child per trip
Craft Materials per child per trip
Room Rent per trip (4 children can be
accommodated in a room)
Local Transport at picnic spots (per vehicle)
(each vehicle can seat 6 children excluding the driver) | 4000
1700
300
600
760
1200 |
Fixed costs that are required to be covered in a trip Rs. 5,18, 130.
Find the minimum number of children to cross the break–even point and start earning a profit. | 6 | (0) |
|
| 5. | (a) | Quickcomp is a successful version of a software package that is widely used. Fastercomp is the next version, for Which the development is complete and it is ready to be sold immediately in the market as budgeted. However, for Fastercomp, user manuals, training modules and diskettes have not yet been made, whereas, for the Quickcomp version, these are overstocked by 5,000 units. Release of Fastercomp will render the Quickcomp version not saleable.
The following information is provided: | Ouickcomp | Fastercomp | | Selling price per unit Rs. | 14,000 | 19,000 | Variable cost per unit – Rs.
(consisting of user manuals, training
modules and diskettes) | 1000 | 4000 | Development Cost per unit Rs.
(total cost of development spread over
the expected sales quantity
during the products life cycle) | 7,000 | 10,000 | Marketing/Administration Cost per unit Rs.
(Fixed budgeted annual outflow divided by
the expected sales quantity for each product for the year) | 3500 | 4,000 | | Total Cost per unit Rs. | 11,500 | 18,000 | | Operating Income per unit | 2,500 | 1,000 |
From a purely financial perspective, the company wants your advice whether to delay the release of the new version by 2 months by when the inventory of the existing version would have sold out or to release the new version immediately. Support your advice with relevant figures. | 6 | (0) |
| | (b) | Given below is the relevant portion of the first iteration of a linear program under the simplex method, using the usual notations. | | | | X1 | X2 | S1 | S2 | S3 | | Quantity | Basic Variable | Contribution
Per Unit | 50 | 40 | 0 | 0 | 0 | | 150 | S1 | 0 | 3 | 5 | 1 | 0 | 0 | | 20 | S2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | | 296 | S3 | 0 | 8 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| (i) | Write the initial linear program with the objective function and the in equations. The following questions are to be answered independent of each other and based on the iteration given above: | | (ii) | What is the opportunity cost of bringing one unit of x1 into the solution? | | (iii) | If we bring 4 units of x1 into the solution, by how much will the basic variables change? | | (iv) | What will be the change in the value of the objective function if 4 units of x2 are brought into the solution? | | (v) | What will be the quantity of the incoming variable? |
| 10 | (0) |
| 6. | (a) | The number of days of total float (TF), earliest start times (EST) and duration in days are given for some of the following activities. | Activity | TF | EST | Duration | | 1-2 | 0 | 0 | | | 1-3 | 0 | | | | 1-4 | 5 | | | | 2-4 | 0 | 4 | | | 2-5 | 1 | | 5 | | 3-6 | 2 | 12 | | | 4-6 | 0 | 12 | | | 5-7 | 3 | | | | 6-7 | | 23 | | | 6-8 | 2 | | | | 7-8 | 0 | 23 | | | 8-9 | | 30 | 6 |
| (i) | Draw the network. | | (ii) | List the paths with their corresponding durations and state when the project can be completed. |
| 10 | (0) |
| | (b) | State the pricing policy most suitable in each of the following independent situations: | (i) | The company makes original equipments and does defence contract work. There are other companies which also undertake such projects. |
| (ii) | The product made by a company is new to the market. It is expected to enjoy a long–term demand. Competition is expected very soon, since the product will be desirable to most customers. |
| (iii) | Stock of processed ready–to–eat products, whose shelf–life will soon be over in the next 2 months. The product is going to be discontinued. |
| (iv) | A company sells a homogeneous product in a highly competitive market. |
(Candidates need to only write the pricing policy with the corresponding subdivision numbers of the questions. The situations need not be copied into the answer books). | 4 | (0) |
| | (c) | Two companies, Hand L, have the same values for turnover and net profit and make a similar product. H has a higher PN ratio than L. Which company will perform better when: (i) the market demand is high? (ii) the market demand is low? | 2 | (0) |
| 7. | Answer any 4 out of the following 5 questions | | |
| | (a) | What are the steps involved in the simulation process? | 4 | (0) |
| | (b) | What are the limitations of the learning curve theory? | 4 | (0) |
| | (c) | Briefly explain the phases in the life cycle of a product. | 4 | (0) |
| | (d) | Explain briefly Pareto analysis and mention some of its uses. | 4 | (0) |
| | (e) | Explain the concept of Just In Time approach in a production process. | 4 | (0) |
